Worlds organisation disappearance – In contemporary Kazakhstan many various factors of identity do not, strictly speaking, provide a definition for a Kazakh nation, but show – according to Pierre Bonte's and Michel Izard's definition of identity - an endlessly renewed codification of cultural differences between neighbouring groups. Thus construction methods, the processing and the restructuring of social standards are operating in a momentum far beyond the traditional Kazakh individual 'being-in-the-world'. With the will of building a Kazakh identity comes a religious factor exploited by governing powers. What is being played out in contemporary Kazakhstan seems to belong to a range of strategies and practices tending to prevent the effects of the transition from a traditional economic production model to an unbridled liberalism. When searching solutions, Kazakh population is turning to beliefs that feed from the great Central Asian heroic figures of former empires. In this specific frame, the person of the bakhs(Sufi shaman) represents a reliable reference point while the future is full of uncertainty. Ethnic origin and social status do no affect the resort to the bakhs in order to find a solution to their problems. Together, contemporary religious practices are subject to two determination types: on the one hand traditions, and Islam on the other hand. The traditional aspect refers to pre-Islamic legacy of Siberian shamanism, ancient Zoroastrian religion, Buddhist and Nestorian influences. Popular Islam is almost only Sufi. The contemporary period is characterized by the arrival of a normative Islam and Korean Pentecostal charismatic groups. How did the cosmological organisation of the Kazakh worlds disappear as fast as it resisted the Sovietisation? Nowadays, will the massive inflow, due to rural exodus, of mainly Kazakh speaking populations in urban environments, change the linguistic configuration of cities? Nothing could be less certain. The Russian language remains transnational within the former USSR and most of all, westernisation gives a unique local boost to English. The impoverishment and simultaneously the increase in needs diminished the traditional solidarity network as it is whittled away. In the traditional system of beliefs, people had to assist each other according to the requirement towards human beings to preserve the worlds balance. Market logic lead to the disappearance of this reference. All governmental services became chargeable. Water, electricity, gas, phone, health services, are in the process of being privatised and consequently the marginalisation of those who can't pay. One of the keys for reading the contemporary situation is the breach introduced and intended by the authorities since the independence. Cultural identity is a legitimate aspiration, but divorced from necessary growing awareness of the historical situation, it can become dangerous. The re-writing of Kazakh history in view of great figures as Genghis Khan and Timur, erasing recent history leads to a devastating trickery. The loss of collective points of references and the withdrawal into nuclear family can undermine the social organisation as a whole. Until now the younger child inherited the family yurt and looked after his old parents. The exodus to the towns and the duty to find work outside of the family inheritance shows a dramatic isolation of the elders. To die alone without means and the presence of the step daughter to look after the dwelling was until now unthinkable when nowadays common. The situation is nevertheless paradoxical. The plurality of the former organised worlds around the vertical axis of the 'tree of worlds' disappears in favour of a world in the singular that, before it had time to organise, got trapped in globalisation. Bearing in mind that the Kazakh worlds were superimposed, each inhabited by divinities and spirits, and also that the world of human beings found its structure in cardinal points, remembering the organisation of the terrestrial incarnation in cycle from west to east, from place of birth to return of death, how can contemporary Kazakh society delete this entire reason end desire for movement? This virtual world replaces the real and that in the very heart and foundations of the Kazakh Nation: transition to a national identity, that is to an imaginary community, transition to a Muslim religion identity and that is to a same imaginary community of the great Muslim international community. The Kazakh society semi-nomadic is confronted to the fundamental movements of modernity: chronic transformations of the representation of the real and gradually the integration of the Kazakh worlds in a virtual globalized world. Anne-Marie Vuillemenot
young kazakhs by Salkitdin Aitbayev |
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